Small words. Whole new structures.

Give a reason. Practice standard written German with the finite verb at the end.

Introduce the content of a statement, thought, or belief.

Use for a single occasion or period in the past, rather than a repeated event.

Express a condition or a repeated event; also use for present or future “when”.

Express a possible condition, not an indirect yes/no question.

Introduce an indirect yes/no question. Contrast with conditional wenn or falls.

Name the point at which an action or state ends.

Express an intention. A modal verb, if present, comes after its infinitive.

Explain how something is achieved: the method or means.

Introduce a fact that would normally suggest a different outcome.

The nachdem event happens earlier. In these past examples, use past perfect before the main-clause past tense.

The main-clause action happens before the event in the bevor clause.

Can express simultaneous events or a contrast. Here it expresses simultaneity.

As a subordinator, it introduces the starting event of a continuing situation. It can also be an adverb in other contexts.

Here seit introduces a whole clause. Before a noun phrase it is a preposition, with dative.

One event follows immediately upon another.

The main-clause situation lasts for the duration of the other situation.

Express a result, rather than the intended purpose expressed by damit. “So dass” is also an accepted spelling.

Express a repeated event: each time the first situation happens, the other follows.